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Restricted connectivity and population genetic fragility in a globally endangered Hammerhead Shark

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Abstract

Vagile, large-bodied marine organisms frequently have wide range dispersion but also dependence on coastal habitats for part of their life history. These characteristics may induce complex population genetic structure patterns, with resulting implications for the management of exploited populations. The scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, is a cosmopolitan, migratory shark in tropical and warm temperate waters, inhabiting coastal bays during parturition and juvenile development, and the open ocean as adults. Here, we investigated the genetic connectivity and diversity of S. lewini in the western Atlantic using large sample coverage (N = 308), and data from whole mitochondrial control region (mtCR) sequences and ten nuclear microsatellite markers We detected significant population genetic structure with both mtCR and microsatellites markers (mtCR: ΦST = 0.60; p < 0.001; microsatellites: Dest 0.0794, p = 0.001, FST = 0.046, p < 0.05), and isolation by distance (mtCR r = 0.363, p = 0.009; microsatellites markers r = 0.638, p = 0.007). Migration and gene flow patterns were asymmetric and female reproductive philopatry is postulated to explain population subdivisions. The notable population differentiation at microsatellites markers indicates low-levels of male-mediated gene flow in the western Atlantic. The overall effective population size was estimated as 299 (215–412 CI), and there was no evidence of strong or recent bottleneck effects. Findings of at least three management units, moderate genetic diversity, and low effective population size in the context of current overfishing calls for intensive management aimed at short and long-term conservation for this endangered species in the western Atlantic Ocean.

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Data accessibility

The sequencing data and microsatellite dataset of Sphyrna lewini in this study are archived in GenBank (accession numbers: MK636839-MK636863) and Dryad database (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.pp8js50), respectively.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Alexandre Azevedo, Silas C. Souza and several fishermen for providing scalloped hammerhead samples. We are grateful to Rebekah L. Horn and Andrea M. Bernard (Save Our Seas Shark Research Center) for laboratory assistance.

Funding

This research was supported by grants from São Paulo Research Foundation – FAPESP to D. Pinhal (#2007/03067-8), R. Domingues (#2017/02420-8) and C. Martins (#2007/03065-5), and the Save Our Seas Foundation and Guy Harvey Ocean Foundation to M. Shivji.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório Genômica e Evolução Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Rua Professor Doutor Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin s/nº, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil

    Danillo Pinhal

  2. Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, Santos, São Paulo, 11070-100, Brazil

    Rodrigo R. Domingues

  3. Save Our Seas Shark Research Center, USA and Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, FL, 33004, USA

    Christine C. Bruels & Mahmood S. Shivji

  4. Laboratório de Genética e Conservação, Universidade Santa Cecília - UNISANTA, Rua Cesário Mota, 8, Santos, São Paulo, 11045-907, Brazil

    Bruno L. S. Ferrette

  5. Laboratório de Pesquisa de Elasmobrânquios, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante D. Henrique, s/n, São Vicente, São Paulo, 11330-900, Brazil

    Otto B. F. Gadig

  6. Laboratório Genômica Integrativa, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil

    Cesar Martins

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  1. Danillo Pinhal
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  5. Otto B. F. Gadig
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Contributions

DP, CM, MS designed the study; DP, OBFG, MS collected data; DP and CB performed lab work; RRD, DP, BF analyzed the data; RRD and DP wrote the manuscript; all authors edited and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Danillo Pinhal.

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Pinhal, D., Domingues, R.R., Bruels, C.C. et al. Restricted connectivity and population genetic fragility in a globally endangered Hammerhead Shark. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 30, 501–517 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-020-09607-x

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